All living organisms coexist with microbial communities—in the gut, rhizosphere, and beyond. To comprehend the genuine modes of life in organisms, it is essential to understand how organisms interact with their associated microbial communities.

However, current systems biology approaches fall short when it comes to capturing the behavior of microbial communities, where microbes are highly diverse and unevenly distributed across both space and time. This challenge calls for the development of a new theoretical framework, one that draws on mathematical sociology, to unravel the principles governing such biological complex systems.

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