A paper by Dr. Makoto Kobayashi of Hokkaido University’s Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere has been published in Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research.

• Kobayashi Makoto & Arisa Kikkawa. Nurse logs as a refuge for conifer tree saplings from sika deer (Cervus nippon) damage in a subboreal mixed forest. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 41(4), 332–338.
  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2026.2648003